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be the balance of costs for sequence analysis, use of 5-ARIs,

and surgical treatments for applying precision medicine to

active surveillance.

The use of genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM)

matching to human PCa to perform co-clinical analysis is a

very novel and intriguing approach. PCa investigations are

limited by the availability of cell lines and patient-derived

xenografts (PDX) for more precise application of drug

therapy to individual patients. This co-clinical analysis lays

a foundation for future innovative research to improve PCa

therapeutics using GEMMs that is comparable to PDX

models.

Conflicts of interest:

Christopher Evans is a consultant for Medivation,

Astellas, Janssen, and Sanofi; has research agreements with Medivation,

Astellas, and Sanofi; has material transfer agreements with Medivation,

Astellas, and Janssen; is a clinical trial investigator for Medivation,

Astella, Janssen, and Sanofi; has received institutional research support

from Ferring; and is a speaker for Medivation, Astellas, Janssen, Amgen,

and Sanofi. Joy Yang has received institutional research support from

Ferring.

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